The heart is surrounded by a protective layer called the pericardium, which normally holds about 2 to 3 tablespoons of fluid to reduce friction as the heart beats. When that amount increases — a condition called pericardial effusion — it can cause a range of problems.
Symptoms of Fluid Around the Heart
- Dyspnea (shortness of breath or difficulty breathing)
- Irritation in breathing while lying down
- Chest pain, usually under the left breast
- A feeling of fullness in the lung area
- Lightheadedness
- Fainting
- Abdominal or leg swelling
- Palpitations
- Cold, clammy skin
Causes
Pericardial effusion often follows inflammation of the pericardium after an illness or injury. In some cases, heavy effusions result from certain cancers, or from a blocked pericardial fluid pathway or blood collecting within it. When a cause can't be identified, it's classified as idiopathic pericarditis. Other reasons fluid can build up around the heart include:
- Autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus
- Pericardium or heart cancer
- Cancer that has spread from the heart, lung, or breast, or Hodgkin's lymphoma
- Radiation therapy directed near the heart
- Chest trauma
- Pericardium inflammation after a heart attack or heart surgery
- Hypothyroidism (an underactive thyroid)
- Medication side effects
- Toxin exposure
- Viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infection
- Uremia from kidney failure
Treatment
Treatment depends on the severity and cause. Mild cases with no symptoms, such as those from kidney failure, may need no special treatment. When effusion is due to inflammation of the pericardial sac, treatment focuses on reducing that inflammation, often with:
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as Aleve or Indocin
- Corticosteroids like prednisone
- Colchicine
If a severe infection or cardiac tamponade (heart dysfunction from fluid pressure) is present, the excess fluid needs to be drained right away, using one of two methods: pericardiocentesis, where a needle and catheter are used to suction fluid out of the pericardium, or pericardiectomy, a surgical procedure in which a portion of the pericardium is removed to drain the fluid.
Final Words
If you have a history of heart issues and are noticing breathing problems or changes in your overall wellness, reach out to the doctors at Pulmonary Medical Consultants.
Medical Disclaimer: This article is for general educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the guidance of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions about a medical condition.